Ageing, Social Isolation and Health among Elderly People in India: A Sociological Review

Abstract

Population ageing has emerged as an important demographic and sociological transformation in India. Increasing longevity, declining fertility and changes in household organisation are gradually altering the social context in which older persons experience later life. Family has historically remained the principal institution responsible for providing emotional support, economic assistance, care and security to older persons in India. However, urbanisation, migration, occupational mobility, declining household size and changing gender roles have transformed patterns of intergenerational interaction and caregiving. These transformations have important implications for the health and well-being of older persons. The present paper examines the relationship between changing family relations, social isolation and health among older persons in India from a sociological perspective. It is based on a thematic review of relevant secondary literature, national surveys, government reports and publications of international organisations. Particular attention is given to family structure, living arrangements, social support, loneliness, physical and mental health, socioeconomic circumstances and access to healthcare. The review suggests that health in later life is shaped not only by biological ageing and medical conditions but also by the nature and quality of social relationships. Weak social networks, loneliness, widowhood, economic dependency, family conflict and restricted social participation can increase vulnerability among older persons. At the same time, living with family does not automatically guarantee emotional support or protection from neglect. The paper argues that changing family relations should be understood as a transformation in the organisation of care rather than simply as a decline of traditional family values. Healthy ageing in India therefore requires a broader social framework combining family support, community participation, social security and accessible healthcare. Strengthening social connectedness and creating supportive environments for older persons should be treated as essential components of health policy.